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It is axiomatic that

  • 1 axiomático

    adj.
    1 axiomatic, logical, beyond question, irrefragable.
    2 axiomatic, proverbial.
    * * *
    1 axiomatic
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo axiomatic
    * * *
    Ex. It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo axiomatic
    * * *

    Ex: It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.

    * * *
    axiomatic
    * * *
    axiomático, -a adj
    axiomatic
    * * *
    adj axiomatic
    * * *
    axiomático, -ca adj
    : axiomatic

    Spanish-English dictionary > axiomático

  • 2 evidente

    adj.
    1 evident, obvious.
    2 sincere, plain, obvious, frank.
    * * *
    1 evident, obvious
    * * *
    adj.
    evident, obvious
    * * *
    ADJ obvious, clear, evident

    ¡evidente! — naturally!, obviously!

    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, clear
    * * *
    = apparent, evident, notable, noticeable, plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], perceptible, axiomatic, glaring, flagrant, visible, manifest, patent.
    Ex. Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex. The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex. To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex. The library was found to have inadequate lighting for the partially sighted and a lack of a fire warning perceptible to the deaf.
    Ex. It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex. The lack of storage and display space, a glaring deficiency in seating capacity and physical limitations of the building all meant that the library was not adequately serving its patrons.
    Ex. In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex. Since a software package is to be sold it must be visible on the marketplace.
    Ex. A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    Ex. It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    ----
    * es evidente = clearly.
    * evidente en = in evidence in.
    * evidente por sí mismo = self-evident.
    * hacerse evidente = become + apparent, come through.
    * poco evidente = unnoted.
    * prueba evidente = living proof.
    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, clear
    * * *
    = apparent, evident, notable, noticeable, plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], perceptible, axiomatic, glaring, flagrant, visible, manifest, patent.

    Ex: Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex: The most noticeable effect the advent of Islam had on Arab names was not so much on structure as on choice.
    Ex: To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex: The library was found to have inadequate lighting for the partially sighted and a lack of a fire warning perceptible to the deaf.
    Ex: It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex: The lack of storage and display space, a glaring deficiency in seating capacity and physical limitations of the building all meant that the library was not adequately serving its patrons.
    Ex: In the past teachers and lecturers have been the most flagrant violators of the author's copyright.
    Ex: Since a software package is to be sold it must be visible on the marketplace.
    Ex: A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    Ex: It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    * es evidente = clearly.
    * evidente en = in evidence in.
    * evidente por sí mismo = self-evident.
    * hacerse evidente = become + apparent, come through.
    * poco evidente = unnoted.
    * prueba evidente = living proof.

    * * *
    obvious, clear
    resulta evidente que no tienen intención de aceptar la propuesta it is obvious o clear o ( frml) evident that they do not intend to accept the proposal, they clearly o obviously do not intend to accept the proposal
    si es muy caro no lo compres — ¡evidente! if it's very expensive, don't buy it — no, of course I won't o no, obviously!
    * * *

    evidente adjetivo
    obvious, clear
    evidente adjetivo obvious
    ' evidente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cantar
    - clara
    - claro
    - demostrar
    - meridiana
    - meridiano
    - notoria
    - notorio
    - patente
    - sensible
    - tres
    - visible
    - manifestar
    - palpable
    - visto
    English:
    apparent
    - blatant
    - conspicuous
    - consternation
    - crime
    - definite
    - dissatisfaction
    - evident
    - glaring
    - obvious
    - patent
    - perfectly
    - plain
    - self-evident
    - clear
    - obviously
    - self
    - visible
    * * *
    evident, obvious;
    es evidente que no les caemos bien it's obvious they don't like us;
    su enfado era evidente she was clearly o visibly angry;
    ¿te gustaría ganar más? – ¡evidente! would you like to earn more? – of course!
    * * *
    adj evident, clear
    * * *
    : evident, obvious, clear
    * * *
    evidente adj obvious

    Spanish-English dictionary > evidente

  • 3 incontrovertible

    adj.
    1 incontrovertible, indisputable.
    2 uncontrovertible, beyond dispute, absolute, beyond question.
    * * *
    1 incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    ADJ incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    = incontrovertible, axiomatic, unanswerable, beyond contention.
    Ex. Let me take an absolutely incontrovertible example.
    Ex. It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex. He observed 'when a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable'.
    Ex. But whatever we make of their buccaneering spirit, the apostolic passion firing their hearts is surely beyond contention.
    * * *
    = incontrovertible, axiomatic, unanswerable, beyond contention.

    Ex: Let me take an absolutely incontrovertible example.

    Ex: It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex: He observed 'when a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable'.
    Ex: But whatever we make of their buccaneering spirit, the apostolic passion firing their hearts is surely beyond contention.

    * * *
    indisputable, irrefutable, incontrovertible ( frml)
    * * *
    incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    adj incontrovertible
    * * *
    : indisputable

    Spanish-English dictionary > incontrovertible

  • 4 de casualidad

    = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck
    Ex. Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.
    Ex. The study revealed that most of the deformities are caused by a fluke.
    Ex. If, by chance, the newly entered item is identical to one already in the file, DOBIS/LIBIS ignores the new entry.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex. The stream suddenly swept him away, and it was only by a stroke of luck that they found him.
    Ex. Machiavelli insisted that the Prince be aware that he was Prince mostly by luck and his job was to never admit it.
    * * *
    = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck

    Ex: Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.

    Ex: The study revealed that most of the deformities are caused by a fluke.
    Ex: If, by chance, the newly entered item is identical to one already in the file, DOBIS/LIBIS ignores the new entry.
    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex: The stream suddenly swept him away, and it was only by a stroke of luck that they found him.
    Ex: Machiavelli insisted that the Prince be aware that he was Prince mostly by luck and his job was to never admit it.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de casualidad

  • 5 por casualidad

    * * *
    = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck
    Ex. If, by chance, the newly entered item is identical to one already in the file, DOBIS/LIBIS ignores the new entry.
    Ex. Ironically, the latter proved to be the most vulnerable and acutely criticized of Panizzi's rules, as, coincidentally, are the corresponding AACR rules.
    Ex. On one of them, fortuitously, there was a note entered by the cataloger which said, 'Usually published under the title American Scholar'.
    Ex. Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.
    Ex. To date, the replacement of old technologies by new technologies has occurred largely by happenstance.
    Ex. So far we have only provided for the user who happens to consult the A/Z subject index under the term 'Conservative'.
    Ex. During a trip to Italy, he chanced to see a production of Cavalleria.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex. The study revealed that most of the deformities are caused by a fluke.
    Ex. Machiavelli insisted that the Prince be aware that he was Prince mostly by luck and his job was to never admit it.
    Ex. The stream suddenly swept him away, and it was only by a stroke of luck that they found him.
    * * *
    = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck

    Ex: If, by chance, the newly entered item is identical to one already in the file, DOBIS/LIBIS ignores the new entry.

    Ex: Ironically, the latter proved to be the most vulnerable and acutely criticized of Panizzi's rules, as, coincidentally, are the corresponding AACR rules.
    Ex: On one of them, fortuitously, there was a note entered by the cataloger which said, 'Usually published under the title American Scholar'.
    Ex: Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.
    Ex: To date, the replacement of old technologies by new technologies has occurred largely by happenstance.
    Ex: So far we have only provided for the user who happens to consult the A/Z subject index under the term 'Conservative'.
    Ex: During a trip to Italy, he chanced to see a production of Cavalleria.
    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex: The study revealed that most of the deformities are caused by a fluke.
    Ex: Machiavelli insisted that the Prince be aware that he was Prince mostly by luck and his job was to never admit it.
    Ex: The stream suddenly swept him away, and it was only by a stroke of luck that they found him.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por casualidad

  • 6 casualmente

    adv.
    by chance.
    * * *
    1 by chance, by accident
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV by chance, fortuitously frm
    * * *
    adverbio as it happens
    * * *
    = coincidentally, incidentally, in a by-the-way fashion, fortuitously, accidentally.
    Ex. Ironically, the latter proved to be the most vulnerable and acutely criticized of Panizzi's rules, as, coincidentally, are the corresponding AACR rules.
    Ex. When a schoolboy, coming to the library with nothing better than grades in mind, discovers incidentally the fascination of books that have nothing to do with his homework.
    Ex. A few minutes spent with teacher and pupils talking about books conversationally in a by-the-way fashion serves the double purpose of preparing the right set of mind for reading while at the same time attracting attention to books that might be enjoyed.
    Ex. On one of them, fortuitously, there was a note entered by the cataloger which said, 'Usually published under the title American Scholar'.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    * * *
    adverbio as it happens
    * * *
    = coincidentally, incidentally, in a by-the-way fashion, fortuitously, accidentally.

    Ex: Ironically, the latter proved to be the most vulnerable and acutely criticized of Panizzi's rules, as, coincidentally, are the corresponding AACR rules.

    Ex: When a schoolboy, coming to the library with nothing better than grades in mind, discovers incidentally the fascination of books that have nothing to do with his homework.
    Ex: A few minutes spent with teacher and pupils talking about books conversationally in a by-the-way fashion serves the double purpose of preparing the right set of mind for reading while at the same time attracting attention to books that might be enjoyed.
    Ex: On one of them, fortuitously, there was a note entered by the cataloger which said, 'Usually published under the title American Scholar'.
    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.

    * * *
    as it happens
    casualmente vi el otro día uno igual as it happens o actually I saw one just like it the other day
    * * *

    casualmente adverbio by chance
    ' casualmente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    tropezarse
    - encontrar
    English:
    funnily
    - innocent
    - pick up
    * * *
    1. [por casualidad] by chance
    2. [precisamente] as it happens;
    casualmente, es vecino mío as it happens, he's a neighbour of mine;
    casualmente, iba buscando uno parecido as it happens, I was looking for something like that myself
    * * *
    adv by chance
    * * *
    : accidentally, by chance

    Spanish-English dictionary > casualmente

  • 7 sin querer

    adv.
    without meaning to, by mistake, unintentionally, unwillingly.
    * * *
    accidentally, by mistake
    * * *
    = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly
    Ex. Large libraries are thus involuntarily subsidising small libraries = De este modo las grandes bibliotecas están subsidiando de manera involuntaria a las pequeñas.
    Ex. The author concentrates on the negative aspects of information, both the unwilling, innocent or accidental error and the interest-based disinformation.
    Ex. Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex. The Hawthorne effect, ie the well-established fact that individuals who know that they are being observed usually change their patterns of behaviour, even unintentionally, will obviously come into play if the observation is obtrusive.
    Ex. My problem is that sometimes I will get tensed up unwantedly for small problems.
    * * *
    = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly

    Ex: Large libraries are thus involuntarily subsidising small libraries = De este modo las grandes bibliotecas están subsidiando de manera involuntaria a las pequeñas.

    Ex: The author concentrates on the negative aspects of information, both the unwilling, innocent or accidental error and the interest-based disinformation.
    Ex: Discoveries are sometimes made by accident; they are never made by the dismayed or disheartened = A veces los descubrimientos se hacen por casualidad y nunca por los abatidos o los desmotivados.
    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex: The Hawthorne effect, ie the well-established fact that individuals who know that they are being observed usually change their patterns of behaviour, even unintentionally, will obviously come into play if the observation is obtrusive.
    Ex: My problem is that sometimes I will get tensed up unwantedly for small problems.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin querer

  • 8 accidentalmente

    adv.
    accidentally, casually, fortuitously.
    * * *
    1 accidentally
    * * *
    ADV (=por casualidad) by chance; (=sin querer) accidentally, unintentionally
    * * *
    adverbio ( sin querer) accidentally, unintentionally; ( de casualidad) by chance
    * * *
    = inadvertently, accidentally, unintentionally.
    Ex. Use this operator carefully -- you may inadvertently eliminate relevant records.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex. The Hawthorne effect, ie the well-established fact that individuals who know that they are being observed usually change their patterns of behaviour, even unintentionally, will obviously come into play if the observation is obtrusive.
    * * *
    adverbio ( sin querer) accidentally, unintentionally; ( de casualidad) by chance
    * * *
    = inadvertently, accidentally, unintentionally.

    Ex: Use this operator carefully -- you may inadvertently eliminate relevant records.

    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    Ex: The Hawthorne effect, ie the well-established fact that individuals who know that they are being observed usually change their patterns of behaviour, even unintentionally, will obviously come into play if the observation is obtrusive.

    * * *
    (sin querer) accidentally, unintentionally; (de casualidad) by chance
    * * *

    accidentalmente adverbio accidentally, unintentionally
    ' accidentalmente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abortar
    - golpear
    - herir
    - pisotón
    - mojar
    - pinchar
    English:
    accidentally
    * * *
    accidentally, by accident

    Spanish-English dictionary > accidentalmente

  • 9 disco con información

    (n.) = data diskette, data disk
    Ex. The 'Recover Data Index' utility attempts to reconstruct a data diskette that for some reason has become unreadable to the system.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    * * *
    (n.) = data diskette, data disk

    Ex: The 'Recover Data Index' utility attempts to reconstruct a data diskette that for some reason has become unreadable to the system.

    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > disco con información

  • 10 copia de seguridad

    (n.) = backup [back-up], duplicate copy, backup copy
    Ex. The operations staff makes special backup copies of the catalogs in the network, reconstructs the files in case of a serious mishap, enters new system logon names, assigns authorization levels, and so forth.
    Ex. Management of data bases includes such details as: keeping sufficient supplies of floppy discs, updating the data bases, keeping duplicate copies of the data bases, preparation of instruction guides and so on.
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    * * *
    (n.) = backup [back-up], duplicate copy, backup copy

    Ex: The operations staff makes special backup copies of the catalogs in the network, reconstructs the files in case of a serious mishap, enters new system logon names, assigns authorization levels, and so forth.

    Ex: Management of data bases includes such details as: keeping sufficient supplies of floppy discs, updating the data bases, keeping duplicate copies of the data bases, preparation of instruction guides and so on.
    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.

    * * *
    INFOR back-up (copy)

    Spanish-English dictionary > copia de seguridad

  • 11 por accidente

    by chance
    * * *
    Ex. As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.
    * * *

    Ex: As has been suggested elsewhere in this book, it is axiomatic that regular backup copies of data disks be taken, in order to ensure that data are not accidentally lost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > por accidente

  • 12 само собой разумеется, что

    •

    It is axiomatic that natural selection cannot act on nonheritable features.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > само собой разумеется, что

  • 13 само собой разумеется

    1) General subject: ( it) goes without saying, Self-evidently, it goes without saying, it is self understood (it goes without saying), it stands to reason, I need hardly say, needless to say
    3) Set phrase: (used as paren. or affirmation) certainly, (used as paren. or affirmation) it goes without saying, (used as paren. or affirmation) of course

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > само собой разумеется

  • 14 postulat

    postulat [pɔstyla]
    masculine noun
    • postulat de base or de départ basic premise
    * * *
    pɔstyla
    nom masculin gén premise; Mathématique, Philosophie postulate
    * * *
    pɔstyla nm
    * * *
    postulat nm gén premise; Math, Philos postulate; postulat de départ gén basic premise; Philos postulate.
    [pɔstyla] nom masculin
    1. LOGIQUE & MATHÉMATIQUES postulate
    nous partons du postulat que... we take it as axiomatic that...
    2. [principe de base] postulate

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > postulat

  • 15 аксиоматичен

    axiomatic
    * * *
    аксиоматѝчен,
    прил., -на, -но, -ни axiomatic.
    * * *
    axiomatic: It is аксиоматичен that a whole is greater than any of its parts. - Аксиома е, че цялото е по-голямо от всяка една от частите си.
    * * *
    axiomatic

    Български-английски речник > аксиоматичен

  • 16 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 17 идея

    idea, notion, concept
    • (Все) эти теории имеют общую идею (= концепцию), что... - These theories have in common the idea that...
    • Безусловно, читатель знаком с идеей, что... - The reader is no doubt familiar with the idea that...
    • В третьей главе мы увидим другое обобщение той же основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.
    • Важно уметь применять идею (= концепцию)... - It is important that we be able to apply the concept of...
    • Введенные в этой главе идеи подведут нас ближе к... - The ideas introduced in this chapter will bring us closer to...
    • Вернемся кратко к идее (чего-л). - Let us return briefly to the idea of...
    • Высказанные ранее идеи теперь могут быть обобщены. - The preceding ideas can now be generalized.
    • Дальнейшее рассуждение затем привело бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...
    • Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...
    • Идея состоит в следующем. - The idea is as follows.
    • Имеется мнжество подтверждений идеи, что... - There is a great deal of evidence for the idea that...
    • Имеется много других примеров, иллюстрирующих основную идею (чего-л). - There are many other examples which illustrate the basic idea of...
    • Лежащая в основе этого идея состоит в том, что... - The underlying idea is that...
    • Лежащие в основе (этого) идеи настолько просты, что... - The ideas involved here are so simple that...
    • Много идей было выдвинуто для объяснения... - Many ideas were put forward to explain...
    • Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...
    • Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе, (являются)... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...
    • Мы будем предполагать, что читатель обладает очевидной интуитивной идеей... - We shall assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...
    • Мы могли бы обобщить эти идеи. - We may extend these ideas.
    • Мы можем обобщить эту идею, вводя... - We can generalize this idea by introducing...
    • Мы можем также использовать (= приложить) здесь идею... - We may also apply the concept of...
    • На самом деле, подобные неопределенные идеи ничего нам не говорят. - Such vague ideas really tell us nothing.
    • Проще всего понять эту идею можно, рассматривая... - The idea is most easily understood by examining...
    • Один из ответов на данный вопрос находится в идее... - One answer to this question lies in the concept of...
    • Однако в общем случае эта идея имеет небольшую область приложений. - However, this idea has little application in general.
    • Основная идея состоит в том, что... - The basic idea is that...
    • Основной идеей этого параграфа является то, что... - The main idea of this section is that...
    • Основные идеи, намеченные в данном параграфе, могут быть проиллюстрированы (чем-л). - The points made in this section can be illustrated by...
    • Полная идея становится точной (путем, если и т. п.)... - The whole idea is made precise by...
    • Последняя идея потеряла большую часть своей значимости, потому что... - The latter idea lost much of its significance because...
    • Похоже, что большинство физиков одобряет идею, что... - Most physicists seem to accept the notion that...
    • Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...; The foregoing discussion gives an idea of...
    • Приведем теперь идею доказательства теорем 2 и 3. - Let us now give an idea on how to prove Theorems 2 and 3.
    • Проблема, которую мы обязаны позднее рассмотреть для применения данной идеи, состоит в том, что... - A problem that we must eventually face in making use of this concept is...
    • Простейшее доказательство базируется на идее, что... - The simplest proof rests on the concept of...
    • С самого начала физики приняли идею, что... - Prom the beginning, physicists have accepted the notion that...; From the outset, physicists have accepted the notion that...
    • Сделаем эти идеи более понятными, рассматривая... - Let us make these ideas clearer by considering...
    • Сейчас мы кратко изложим основную идею (чего-л). - Let us present in a nutshell the main idea behind...
    • Следовательно, мы могли бы принять за аксиому идею, что... - Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea that...
    • Следовательно, следующим естественным шагом является идея, что... - It is thus a natural step to think of...
    • Следующим шагом было применение идеи... - The next step was to apply the idea of...
    • Смит [1] убедительно аргументирует против идеи, что... - Smith [1] argues effectively against the notion that...
    • Центральная идея, лежащая в основе этих утверждений, состоит в том, что... - The essential idea underlying these statements is that of...
    • Центральной идеей здесь является то, что... - The essential idea here is that...
    • Так лее просто эти идеи могут быть сформулированы (и) для... - These ideas can be formulated just as easily for...
    • Только что изложенная идея была использована, чтобы... - The idea just outlined has been used to...
    • Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...
    • Чрезвычайно близкие идеи используются для (= в)... - Precisely similar ideas are applicable to...
    • Чтобы конкретизировать эту идею, давайте... - То make this idea more concrete, let...
    • Чтобы упорядочить все эти идеи подходящим образом, мы... - In order to place these ideas in their proper framework, we...
    • Эйнштейн использовал (- применил) точно те же самые идеи в (= при рассмотрении)... - Einstein applied precisely the same ideas to...
    • Эта идея (= мысль) выражается более точно в... - This idea is expressed more precisely in...
    • Эта идея будет объясняться ниже. - This idea will be clarified below.
    • Эта идея одновременно самодостаточна и привлекательна, однако... - This idea is both self-contained and attractive, but...
    • Эта идея удивительно близка к... - This idea is remarkably close to...
    • Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает, что(бы)... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...
    • Эта простая, но все же глубокая идея... - This simple yet profound idea...
    • Эти идеи были развиты целым рядом авторов. - The material has been developed by a number of contributors.
    • Эти идеи получают немедленно приложение к/в... - These ideas have immediate application in...
    • Этим путем мы приходим к мысли (= идее) о... - In this way we arrive at the idea of...
    • Это весьма настойчиво подталкивает нас к идее, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...
    • Это заключение базируется на тех же идеях, которые приводят к... - This conclusion is based on the same ideas that lead to...
    • Это очевидным образом связано с известной и интуитивной идеей, что... - This is obviously related to the familiar and intuitive idea that...
    • Это приводит нас к идее постулировать существование... - This leads us to postulate the existence of...
    • Это фундаментальная идея, лежащая в основании (решения, процесса и т. п.)... - This is the fundamental idea behind...
    • Эту идею легко понять, однако... - The idea is easily understood, but...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > идея

  • 18 принимать

    (= принять) take, receive, accept, admit, assume, accept, adopt, find
    • В этом случае данное уравнение принимает форму... - In this case the equation takes the form...
    • Важно принять, что... - It is important to appreciate that...
    • Давайте примем обычное соглашение относительно записи... - Let us adopt the usual convention of writing...
    • Здесь мы не будем принимать это соглашение. - We shall not adopt this convention here.
    • Здесь мы принимаем точку зрения, что... - Here we adopt the attitude that...
    • Когда мы принимаем эту точку зрения, мы... - When we adopt this point of view, we...
    • Можно также принять другую точку зрения и... - One can also take a different point of view and...
    • Мы обязаны принять тот факт, что... - We must reconcile ourselves to the fact that...
    • Мы примем этот важный факт без доказательства. - We shall accept this important fact without proof.
    • Мы принимаем соглашение об обозначении... - We adopt the convention of writing...
    • Мы принимаем ту точку зрения, что... - We are adopting the point of view that...
    • Мы принимаем условие, что если... - We adopt the convention that if R is... then...
    • Некоторые физики могли бы принять точку зрения, что... - Some physicists would take the view that...
    • Несмотря на эти замечания, необходимо принимать меры предосторожности, чтобы... - Despite these comments, care must be taken to...
    • Однако в то время было принято, что... - However, it was recognized at the time that...
    • Однако на практике (мы) обычно вынуждены принять... - In practice, however, one usually has to settle for...
    • Однако при вычислении величины W мы должны принять во внимание тот факт, что... - In computing W, however, we must take into account the fact that...
    • Они могут принимать различную форму. - These can take various forms.
    • Подобное (утверждение) невозможно принять без дальнейшего обоснования. - One cannot, without further justification, accept such a...
    • Похоже, что Смит [1] был первым, кто принял идею... - Smith [1] seems to have been the first to accept the notion of...
    • Прежде чем проделать это, примем соглашение относительно двух моментов. - Before doing this, let us agree on two things.
    • Следовательно, мы могли бы принять за аксиому идею, что... - Therefore we may take as axiomatic the idea that...
    • Следовательно, необходимое решение принимает вид:... - The required solution is therefore...
    • Читатель должен принять во внимание, что... - The reader should appreciate that...
    • Чтобы ответить на этот вопрос, мы должны принять во внимание, что... - То answer this question, we must take into account that...
    • Чтобы принять во внимание эту связь, напомним, что... - In order to appreciate this connection let us recall that...
    • Эта процедура была принята, потому что... - This procedure was adopted because...
    • Эта техника обеспечивает рациональный базис, на основе которого инженеры могут принимать решение относительно... - The technique provides a rational basis on which engineers can make decisions about...
    • Это можно было бы принять во внимание по следующей причине. - This may be appreciated from the following argument.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > принимать

  • 19 lógico

    adj.
    1 logical, logically-founded, axiomatic.
    2 logical, logic, coherent, reasonable.
    m.
    logician.
    * * *
    1 (de la lógica) logical
    2 (natural) normal, to be expected
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 logician
    * * *
    (f. - lógica)
    adj.
    * * *
    lógico, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) [relativo a la lógica] [conclusión, razonamiento, planteamiento] logical
    2) (=normal) natural

    es lógico que... — it stands to reason that..., it's understandable that...

    -ayudaría a su hijo antes que al tuyo -¡lógico! — "I would help my son before yours" - "well, naturally!"

    lo más lógico sería... — + infin the most sensible thing would be to... + infin

    3) (Inform) logic antes de s
    2.
    SM / F logician
    lógica
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical

    como es lógico,... — naturally o obviously,...

    b) <conclusión/consecuencia> logical
    c) (Fil) logical
    II
    adverbio (indep) (fam) of course
    III
    - ca masculino, femenino logician
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical

    como es lógico,... — naturally o obviously,...

    b) <conclusión/consecuencia> logical
    c) (Fil) logical
    II
    adverbio (indep) (fam) of course
    III
    - ca masculino, femenino logician
    * * *
    lógico1

    Ex: This article recalls the memory of the Rumanian mathematician, logician and philosopher, Grigore C. Moisil = Este artículo es un homenaje a la memoria del matemático rumano, especialista en la lógica y filósofo, Grigore C. Moisil.

    lógico2
    2 = logical, reasonable, inferential.

    Ex: In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.

    Ex: It is therefore reasonable to apply the principles of facet analysis in order to evaluate the schemes.
    Ex: Only in LIS were there more articles using descriptive techniques than articles using inferential techniques.
    * base lógica = rationale.
    * cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * diferencia lógica = logical difference.
    * es por lo tanto lógico que = it therefore follows that.
    * estructura lógica = logical data structure.
    * nada lógico = counter-intuitive [counterintuitive].
    * operador lógico = logic operator, logical operator.
    * parecer lógico = make + sense.
    * registro lógico = logical record.
    * ser una consecuencia lógica de = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).

    * * *
    lógico1 -ca
    1 (normal, natural) natural, logical
    como es lógico, vendrá con ellos naturally o obviously he will come with them
    es lógico que quiera más libertad it's (only) natural that he should want more freedom
    es lógico que se haya ofendido it's understandable o not surprising that he should be offended
    lo lógico sería que se lo hubiera dicho antes a él the logical thing would have been to tell him first
    2 ‹conclusión/consecuencia› logical
    3 ( Fil) logical
    ( indep) ( fam); of course
    ¿tú también vienes? — ¡lógico! are you coming too? — naturally o of course!
    lógico3 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    logician
    * * *

    lógico 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical;

    ◊ como es lógico naturally, obviously;

    es lógico que así sea it's (only) natural that it should be so;
    lo lógico sería … the logical thing would be …
    b) ‹conclusión/consecuencia› logical

    lógico 2 adverbio ( indep) (fam) of course
    lógico,-a adjetivo logical: es lógico que te enfades, it's natural for you to get angry
    ' lógico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lógica
    - natural
    English:
    follow
    - logical
    - natural
    - surprisingly
    - obviously
    - reason
    * * *
    lógico, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [del pensamiento] logical
    2. [natural] logical;
    como es lógico, ellos también están invitados naturally, they are also invited;
    es lógico que se enfade it stands to reason that he should get angry;
    es lógico que tras la enfermedad se sienta débil it's only natural that she should feel weak after the illness;
    ¿te gustaría acompañarnos? – ¡lógico! would you like to come with us? – of course I would!
    ♦ nm,f
    logician
    * * *
    adj logical
    * * *
    lógico, -ca adj
    : logical
    ♦ lógicamente adv
    * * *
    lógico adj
    1. (de la lógica) logical
    2. (normal) natural

    Spanish-English dictionary > lógico

  • 20 Logic

       My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)
       I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)
       To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)
       [L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)
       There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)
       The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic

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См. также в других словарях:

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